Artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly transformed from a nascent technology into a powerful force that is reshaping industries, societies and global governance. Over the past few years, parliaments around the world have been wrestling with the task of crafting and refining AI-related legislation that balances innovation with responsible oversight.
In “Parliamentary actions on AI policy”, the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) documents the range of initiatives on AI taking place in national parliaments, including legislative reviews, reports, resolutions, inquiries, working groups and policy discussions.
Parliamentary actions have so far been observed in 67 countries. Information is sourced from parliaments and updated every month. The data was initially compiled in February 2025. The date of subsequent updates will be indicated for each parliament. To provide additional information or to point out mistakes, please contact [email protected].
Latest update: 25 April 2026
Parliaments added or updated this month: Austria, Canada, Chile, El Salvador, Latvia, Spain, Uruguay
Note on the European Union (EU) AI Act
The European Union (EU) AI Act, which came into effect in August 2024, serves as a comprehensive regulatory framework in the EU, reducing the need for additional national AI legislation. Nevertheless, some parliaments in EU member states have taken up specific issues, such as deepfakes and AI applications in the public sector. The risk-based approach and ethical guidelines of the EU AI Act have also influenced legislation in several non-EU countries, including Morocco, Peru and Türkiye.
Parliaments
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Algeria
The amendment of the Cybercrime Law in April 2024 reinforced legal provisions against digital crimes involving advanced ICT technologies. A draft bill aimed at establishing ethical and security standards across all stages of AI research, development and application is currently in preparation and is expected to be submitted to parliament in the near future.
In June 2025, the Committee on Legal and Administrative Affairs and Liberties of the National People’s Assembly held a seminar on AI and cybercrime. Participants emphasized the need to strengthen penalties for cybercrime in line with the development of AI technologies. The discussions highlighted the importance of establishing a regulatory framework that aligns with international standards.
Argentina
Both chambers of the National Congress are reviewing several AI-related legislative bills. Bill no. 3900, introduced in July 2024, proposes the establishment of the Federal Observatory on Artificial Intelligence. Bill no. 7045, introduced in November 2024, aims to regulate the use of AI by providers of goods and services. Additionally, Bill no. 2405, introduced in December 2024, proposes the creation of a bicameral committee within the legislature to oversee the strategic and comprehensive regulation of AI. Several resolutions are currently under discussion. For example, Resolution no. 4713 requests that the Ministry of Security report to parliament on the organizational structure, objectives and functions, and key technologies and tools of the newly established Unit for Artificial Intelligence Applied to Security (UIAAS).
In 2025, additional bills have been introduced, covering a wide range of topics such as AI governance, responsible use and the prevention of misuse. Bill No. 0345, introduced in March 2025, aims to establish a Federal AI Commission. Bill No. 2130, submitted in May, aims to create a comprehensive legal framework governing AI. Various bills have also been introduced in 2025 to penalize criminal activities involving AI, amid growing concerns over deepfake videos and the spread of disinformation.
Between August and October 2024, the Science, Technology, and Productive Innovation Committee of the Chamber of Deputies organized multiple expert round tables on AI, which brought together entrepreneurs, researchers and public-sector representatives. The discussions focused on AI technology and its development, as well as on regulatory considerations, addressing in particular the need to restructure existing legal frameworks governing AI development and use.
Several resolutions are currently under discussion. For example, Resolution no. 4713 requests that the Ministry of Security report to parliament on the organizational structure, objectives and functions, and key technologies and tools of the newly established Unit for Artificial Intelligence Applied to Security (UIAAS).
In April 2025, a public seminar on AI regulation was held in the Senate. The event brought together cybersecurity experts, AI strategy analysts, and legal scholars specializing in constitutional and data-protection law. A wide-ranging discussion took place, focusing on the potential risks and benefits of AI technologies, as well as on possible regulatory approaches.
Australia
In March 2024, the Senate established the Select Committee on Adopting Artificial Intelligence (AI) to investigate and report on the opportunities and impacts arising from the adoption of AI technologies in Australia. The committee collected submissions from individuals sharing their experiences and opinions on AI and conducted six public hearings. The Committee’s final report, submitted in November 2024, includes recommendations for introducing legislation to regulate high-risk AI uses, enhancing financial and non-financial support to strengthen AI capabilities, protecting workers’ rights, and managing environmental costs associated with the growth of AI infrastructure.
Additionally, in September 2024, the Joint Committee of Public Accounts and Audit initiated an inquiry into the use and governance of AI systems by public-sector entities. The inquiry focused on how AI systems and processes are adopted and utilized to support public-service delivery and the achievement of institutional objectives. The Committee’s final report, published in February 2025, identifies a lack of consistency in AI adoption across government departments, as well as insufficient transparency in decision-making processes involving algorithms and generative AI. The report also recommends establishing a government working group within 12 months and creating a parliamentary oversight committee dedicated to AI.
Austria (see the Note on the European Union (EU) AI Act)
In January 2024, a law was passed to establish an AI Service Centre. This centre is tasked with analysing AI regulatory frameworks, conducting research, holding expert discussions, and providing consulting and support to both public and private institutions. It is also expected to play a key preparatory role in implementing the EU AI Act.
Parliament commissioned the Institute for Technology Assessment (ITA) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW) to prepare a monitoring report on AI technology. The report, submitted to parliament in November 2024, highlighted the risks associated with the proliferation of modified malicious code and the use of generative AI for personalized fraud schemes. Additionally, in 2024, parliament held parliamentary forums on various topics, including AI in business, AI and health and AI in municipalities.
The Austrian Federal Ministry of Education submitted the 2024 national education report to parliament in December 2024. The report addresses new challenges in the education sector related to the use of AI, including the handling of sensitive student data, equity in student access to AI, ethical considerations, and the use of AI in education. The Education Committee will review and discuss the report, and the plenary may adopt resolutions or recommendations based on its findings.
In March 2026, the Committee for Equal Treatment Affairs discussed a resolution concerning the establishment of legal consequences for the misuse of deepfakes. The resolution calls on the government to create a clear legal basis for criminal prosecution, targeting not only the distribution of deepfakes but also the act of generating (creating) them in a manner that violates the rights of others. This resolution has been forwarded to the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Women, Science and Research, and it is expected to be formalized into specific amendments to the Criminal Code following the Committee’s deliberations.
Bahrain
In April 2024, the Shura Council unanimously approved a stand-alone AI Regulation Law consisting of 38 articles. This law mandates that ministers establish regulations governing the use of AI in their respective sectors and strictly prohibits the manipulation of content without explicit consent. The law is currently being reviewed by the Council of Representatives.
In October 2024, the Shura Council, in collaboration with the Nasser Artificial Intelligence Research & Development Centre (NAIRDC), held a discussion session entitled Future trends and adopting AI opportunities and expanding parliament’s role in addressing them. The session focused on the future applications of AI and strategies for developing laws to ensure ethical use and transparency.
In November 2025, a bill regulating AI-generated deepfakes and fabricated videos was submitted to the Shura Council. The bill seeks to amend the existing Cybercrime Law to prohibit and penalize acts that harm a person’s reputation or pursue unlawful objectives through false audiovisual materials produced using AI or digital technologies.
Belgium
In October 2024, a resolution was proposed urging the government to establish policies on workplace AI usage. The resolution, which addresses working conditions, labour law, privacy protection, the adoption of new technologies and data processing, seeks to protect workers’ rights amid AI-driven workplace changes and to promote a balanced, efficient digital transition.
In December 2024, a bill was introduced to amend the Code of Criminal Procedure by adding a new article aligned with the EU AI Act. The proposed legislation focuses on the use of AI in the criminal justice system, addressing in particular human rights, public security, criminal procedure and biometrics. Its aim is to ensure compliance with EU regulations while modernizing domestic criminal proceedings.
Brazil
More than 40 AI-related bills are currently under discussion in both chambers of the National Congress. One of these, Bill no. 2338/2023, approved by the Senate in December 2024, is a comprehensive legislative framework inspired by the EU AI Act that adopts a risk-based approach to AI regulation. The bill seeks to impose strict regulations on high-risk AI systems that could impact public safety or fundamental human rights. It also calls for the establishment of a new regulatory authority to oversee AI governance and enforce compliance. The Chamber of Deputies established the Special Committee on Artificial Intelligence in May 2025, where this bill is expected to be a key focus of discussion.
In May 2025, the Chamber of Deputies established the Special Committee on Artificial Intelligence, where this bill is expected to be a key focus of discussion. The Committee is holding a series of public hearings to gather input from invited experts and stakeholders from various fields. Since June 2025, the Committee has held a series of public hearings to gather input from invited experts and stakeholders from various fields. Topics have included the concept of AI and regulatory models, the protection of fundamental rights in relation to emerging technologies and the use of AI in public infrastructure. An AI regulation seminar targeting the industrial sector has also been organized.
In 2024, the legislative consultancy of the Chamber of Deputies published a report on the country’s AI regulatory model, analysing key regulatory challenges and policy directions while drawing insights from international case studies. Meanwhile, the Senate’s Temporary Internal Committee on Artificial Intelligence, which operated until December 2024, was responsible for reviewing AI-related legislative proposals and developing alternative regulatory frameworks.
The 11th BRICS Parliamentary Forum was held at the National Congress in June 2025. During the working session on AI, participants emphasized that legislatures must take a leading role in shaping innovation policy and preventing the misuse of AI. The Joint Declaration called on national parliaments to actively participate in establishing legal frameworks for the transparent and ethical use of AI, and underscored the importance of international cooperation based on fairness and mutual respect.
Burkina Faso
In March 2025, during a plenary session of the Transitional Legislative Assembly, a formal inquiry was raised regarding the development and utilization of AI. Subsequently, the Minister of Digital Transition was requested to provide a comprehensive explanation of national progress and challenges in advancing AI technologies. In response, the government presented a strategic vision for using AI in key sectors such as healthcare and education, and the Assembly reviewed related policies on institutional frameworks, digital infrastructure and talent development.
Meanwhile, the Digital Orientation Bill, which is expected to be submitted to the Transitional Legislative Assembly in the near future, aims to establish a regulatory framework encompassing inclusivity, sovereignty and security while positioning innovation in digital technology – including AI – as a key pillar of national development.
Canada
The House of Commons Standing Committee on Industry and Technology has been discussing Bill C-27, which includes the Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (AIDA) introduced by the government in June 2022. The AIDA proposes a risk-based framework that requires high-impact AI systems to comply with safety and human-rights standards. It also includes criminal provisions aimed at preventing reckless AI use and ensuring accountability for AI systems in the context of international and interprovincial trade. Two public hearings have been held, and several additional discussions on the bill have also taken place.
The House Standing Committee on Access to Information, Privacy and Ethics has been conducting discussions since the second half of 2025 under the theme “Challenges Posed by Artificial Intelligence and its Regulation”. At its February 2026 meeting, representatives from non-profit organizations and academia, as well as the Minister of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Innovation, and officials from the Ministry of Industry, appeared before the Committee. During the session, MPs raised questions regarding the national AI strategy and the direction of future regulatory frameworks.
In parallel, the Parliamentary Caucus on Emerging Technology is a cross-partisan group addressing the gap between rapid technological advancement and legislation. By linking lawmakers with experts, it fosters consensus and educates MPs on the government’s role in ensuring safe AI application.
Chile
In October 2025, the Chamber of Deputies passed the AI Regulation Bill, which seeks to regulate the development and use of AI systems while promoting technological innovation and ensuring the protection of citizens’ rights and safety. During the review process, the Future, Science, Technology, Knowledge and Innovation Committee examined additional government-proposed amendments to further refine the bill. The Committee conducted multiple review sessions in collaboration with the Ministry of Science, Technology, Knowledge and Innovation, the National Center for Artificial Intelligence and academic experts. As a result, provisions related to privacy and data governance were strengthened, and the AI risk classification system was newly defined. The bill is now under review in the Senate.
Each year, the Senate hosts Congreso Futuro, an event that provides a platform for discussing science, technology and future challenges. The 2025 edition featured various sessions on the future impact of AI. The Senate is also discussing a bill to penalize the misuse of generative AI, including deepfakes and fake documents.
In April 2025, a criminal law amendment was enacted to increase penalties by up to 50% for psychological violence against women committed using technologies such as AI and deepfakes. Subsequently, in September 2025, a comprehensive regulatory law was adopted to protect children and adolescents in the digital environment. The law significantly strengthened platform responsibilities in response to the spread of AI technologies, including through requirements for age verification, parental controls, harmful content moderation, and data protection, as well as restrictions on targeted advertising.
China
The Two Sessions, the largest annual political event in China, began on 4 March 2025. This joint meeting brings together the National People’s Congress, the country’s legislative body, and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, which serves as an advisory body for policy consultation and legislative recommendations.
Amid growing interest in Chinese tech startup DeepSeek, AI emerged as a major topic of discussion during the meeting. The 2025 Report on the Work of the Government, presented by the Premier of the State Council, once again highlighted AI as a key sector for national innovation and industrial advancement. The report outlines plans for expanding government support and investment in AI research and development. It also emphasizes the importance of encouraging collaboration between major research institutions, universities and enterprises to support a broad spectrum of AI-related technologies, ranging from core AI advancements to next-generation innovations integrating quantum computing.
Along with high expectations for AI development, concerns were raised over the misuse of technology, including deepfakes, with an emphasis on the need for stronger regulations. Some attendees proposed measures to curb the misuse of face-swapping and voice-cloning technologies, calling for industry-wide AI regulations and the establishment of a dedicated AI law to ensure responsible AI applications.
Notably, China has been systematically regulating AI technology from an early stage. The Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services, implemented in August 2023, currently serve as the country’s comprehensive regulatory framework. However, this framework remains an administrative guideline jointly issued by government agencies rather than a formal legislative act.
Colombia
The House of Representatives is currently discussing several AI-related bills. Bill no. 005/2024C focuses on establishing a framework to regulate the development and use of AI in an ethical, safe, sustainable and inclusive manner. Bill no. 113/2024C establishes tax incentives for companies that provide AI training to their employees and amends the national Tax Statute. Meanwhile, Bill no. 154/2024C aims to define and regulate AI, align it with human-rights standards, and set limits on its development, use and implementation. Bill no. 098/2025C seeks to establish regulatory structures for AI with a focus on digital equity.
In October 2024, the Bicameral Ad Hoc Commission on Artificial Intelligence was established to review various bills under discussion in both chambers and to analyse future AI-related legislation. The Commission aims to develop responsible AI policies and legislative directions through close collaboration with the public sector, private industry and academia.
In July 2025, Bill No. 042/2025 was introduced in the Senate to create a National AI Council and a legal framework for responsible AI development and governance. Bill No. 043/2025, meanwhile, proposes a risk-based classification system, new supervisory bodies, and regulatory sandboxes to encourage innovation while safeguarding rights.
In parallel with ongoing discussions on various AI governance bills, in July 2025, Law No. 2502 was enacted, amending the Penal Code to strengthen penalties for AI-based digital identity fraud, and in particular for crimes involving deepfakes. In addition, the law mandates the establishment of a public policy framework to combat AI-driven identity fraud and includes provisions on ethical standards, cybersecurity training, detection technology development, algorithm transparency, international cooperation and emergency response protocols.
Costa Rica
The Legislative Assembly has discussed three bills related to AI regulation. Bill no. 23.771 seeks to ensure transparency, privacy and safety in the use of AI by establishing regulatory measures including prior impact assessments for high-risk AI systems, as well as technical and organizational safeguards to prevent algorithmic bias. Bill no. 23.919 highlights transparency and ethical principles in the research, design, development and deployment of AI, with a particular emphasis on supporting and promoting AI research. Bill no. 24.484 establishes the necessary protocols, procedures and training programmes for public officials regarding the adoption and operation of AI within public administration, and also requires prior assessments of AI systems used in high-risk areas.
In January 2025, the Committee on Science, Technology and Education held a working session with government ministries, industry representatives and legal experts to gather opinions on the three bills. During the meeting, participants emphasized the need for a comprehensive and flexible legal framework for AI and pointed out that the existing bills should be harmonized and consolidated.
Denmark
(see the Note on the European Union (EU) AI Act)
In May 2024, a parliamentary debate on the use of generative AI was held with the goal of reaching a voluntary agreement on the subject. Political parties came to a preliminary agreement in June 2024. The agreement includes commitments to refrain from using deepfake technology to replicate or imitate politicians or political parties without their consent, and to ensure that manipulated content is easily identifiable to the public.
In February 2025, the government submitted a legislative proposal to parliament aimed at establishing harmonized rules for the implementation of the EU AI Act and amending existing domestic regulations and guidelines. The proposal is currently being reviewed by the Committee for Digitization and IT.
Several parliamentary resolutions have been put forward, including proposals to establish a Danish large language model, to ensure openness in the use of algorithms in public services and to establish an independent oversight board for AI. While these resolutions were not adopted, the idea of developing a large language model influenced the formation of a consortium of Danish businesses and organizations.
The Danish Parliament has not adopted or produced any official reports on AI. However, parliament holds an annual debate on the digital development of Danish society, based on a report by the government. In February 2025, the Minister for Digital Affairs submitted the 2025 statement on Denmark’s digital development to parliament. The report, which emphasizes that Denmark is one of the fastest adopters of AI in Europe, is scheduled to be formally discussed as an agenda item in a plenary session.
Ecuador
The Draft Organic Law for the Regulation and Promotion of Artificial Intelligence in Ecuador proposes a governance framework that integrates AI system safety with national innovation and industrial development. It applies graduated oversight based on risk levels and establishes 16 guiding principles, including human-centered design, non-discrimination, transparency and accountability. The Bill for the Promotion and Development of Artificial Intelligence aims to accelerate the establishment and growth of AI enterprises by facilitating access to research and development funding, and by promoting international collaboration in both academic and industrial contexts.
The Education, Culture, Science and Technology Committee has been reviewing both bills and holding expert hearings. In the November 2024 hearing, government and private-sector specialists were invited to provide technical feedback on the AI bill. In the February 2025 hearing, entertainment industry experts emphasized the need to strengthen creators' rights as AI tools become more widespread.
In September 2025, further discussions were held on the proposed AI bill, with participation from a representative of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), as well as government officials. Drawing on international frameworks such as the UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence, participants stressed that AI technologies should not function as autonomous powers, but should remain firmly grounded in democratic principles and governed by values such as social justice and citizens’ sovereignty.
Egypt
A draft law on the governance of artificial intelligence applications was introduced in parliament in June 2024. The bill aims to establish an ethical and legal framework for the use of AI, including a risk-based classification system for AI systems, measures to prevent social misuse such as deepfakes and algorithmic bias, and provisions to promote innovation including investment support and regulatory sandboxes. It has been referred for joint review by four committees, including the Communications and Information Technology Committee, and is currently under deliberation.
In February 2026, the House of Representatives held hearings to prepare legislation aimed at regulating children’s use of the internet and social media. The discussions, which included input from government agencies and experts, examined the risks posed to children by AI-driven algorithms and digital platforms. Based on these deliberations, a bill on child digital protection has also been introduced and is currently awaiting parliamentary consideration. The bill focuses on strengthening platform accountability and user regulations in order to protect children from harmful content, addiction and other risks in digital environments, including those involving AI-based recommendation algorithms.
El Salvador
In February 2025, the Legislative Assembly adopted the Law on the Promotion of Artificial Intelligence and Technologies, which aims to encourage AI research and development, and includes provisions on the use of open data, liability exemptions for pilot testing, the prohibition of anti-competitive practices, and principles for the ethical use of AI.
In particular, the law establishes the National Artificial Intelligence Agency, which is responsible for implementing policy measures such as registering AI projects, developing risk assessment guidelines, and coordinating with education and training systems.
Estonia
The Estonian Parliament passed the Act on Amendments to the Product Conformity Act (533 SE) in February 2025. The Act implements the EU General Product Safety Regulation and introduces an obligation for manufacturers to assess risks when AI is used in their products. It aims to proactively manage consumer risks associated with products that incorporate digital and AI technologies.
In November 2024, the Foresight Centre, a think tank at the Estonian Parliament, organized a conference that brought together MPs and experts from various fields to discuss the personalization of State services and the use of AI. Presentations and discussions focused on both the benefits of applying AI in public administration and the associated ethical concerns, highlighting how AI could improve efficiency in the public sector while also potentially increasing the sense of distance between the State and citizens.
Several parliamentary working groups are actively engaged in AI-related initiatives. In February 2025, the Higher Education Support Group organized a public seminar focused on the development of Estonian-language AI. Other groups – such as the E-Estonia Support Group, the Research and Innovation Support Group and the Support Group for Combating False Information – are playing an active role in promoting digital innovation and AI advancement, while also contributing to legislative efforts to tackle challenges like disinformation and deepfakes.
(see the Note on the European Union (EU) AI Act)Finland
In May 2025, a legislative proposal was submitted to the Parliament of Finland as part of the first phase of implementing the EU AI Act. The proposal provides for the designation of an independent supervisory authority for AI, the establishment of a penalty board empowered to impose fines for serious violations, and the amendment of existing legislation to incorporate provisions related to the EU AI Act.
Parliament is also considering a separate legislative proposal addressing the spread of disinformation through deepfake technology. This proposal seeks to criminalize the act of impersonating another person with manipulated images or videos intended to deceive a broad audience, which it defines as a new form of identity theft.
In September 2024, parliament held a plenary debate on AI as a driver of the country’s future success and as a cause of societal challenges. The discussion both highlighted the potential of AI for enhancing the future competitiveness of Finland and underscored concerns about the risks of disinformation, as well as threats to security and democracy.
The Committee for the Future has also maintained a strong focus on AI, particularly with regard to anticipating future developments and promoting proactive policy responses. In December 2024, the Committee held a public hearing on the future challenges and knowledge needs of Finnish society, gathering insights from academic and industry experts on the opportunities and risks associated with AI advancements.
France (see the Note on the European Union (EU) AI Act)
In December 2024, a bill was introduced in the National Assembly to mandate the labelling of AI-generated images. The bill requires that the source of AI-generated images posted on social media be indicated, and obliges platform operators to implement technical measures to ensure compliance with identification and labelling requirements.
In March 2025, the National Assembly’s Economic Affairs Committee conducted an inquiry into the impact of AI on business activities and competitiveness. The inquiry included a comprehensive examination of the state of AI technologies, their effects across sectors, and regional disparities, as well as exploring policy options to strengthen national innovation capacity and digital sovereignty.
In February 2025, the Senate’s Committee on Culture, Education, Communication and Sport launched an investigative mission on AI and artistic creation. The resulting report, adopted in July 2025, outlines principles for establishing a balanced relationship between cultural rights holders and AI stakeholders, as well as concrete measures to safeguard copyright and ensure fair value-sharing in the age of AI.
Research activities on the impact of AI in various fields have also been carried out. In 2024, the Senate’s Delegation for Foresight conducted a special inquiry on AI and education, publishing its report in October. In March 2025, the Senate’s Delegation for Local Authorities and Decentralization released a report on AI and local government.
Germany
(see the Note on the European Union (EU) AI Act)
In 2018, the German Bundestag established a Committee of Inquiry on AI. After completing its work in 2020, the body published a report analysing the impact of AI and proposing policy measures that went on to shape national policy and legislation in this area.
Several laws related to specific AI issues have been under discussion. For example, during the 20th legislative period (October 2021 – March 2025), proposals such as an amendment to the Criminal Code aimed at protecting the personality rights of victims of AI-generated deepfakes, and the SGB III Modernization Act – which focuses on strengthening the Federal Employment Agency’s administrative services through AI‑enabled digitization and automation – were deliberated.
In September 2024, the Office of Technology Assessment at the German Bundestag submitted a report to the German Bundestag on the use of AI and distributed ledger technology (DLT) in public administration. The report outlined the status of AI and DLT in the public sector, along with potential applications, challenges and international examples. AI issues have also frequently appeared in minor inquiries submitted to the government. For example, inquiries have been made on measures to strengthen AI competencies in schools, and on strategies to address the risks of economic dependence in the fields of AI and cloud computing.
In October 2025, the Federal Council adopted a resolution calling for the EU AI Act to be implemented in an integrated manner at the federal level. The resolution supports the establishment of a unified supervisory framework for domestic enforcement under the federal government and, in the long term, the creation of a joint EU-level supervisory authority for AI.
Greece
In October 2024, Parliament enacted Law 5142/2024, which focuses on completing property cadastral registration and streamlining administrative procedures. Notably, the law establishes a legal framework for the use of AI in the legal review of property contracts and related documents, making it a pioneering example of digital reform and AI adoption in the public sector.
In parallel, committees have been actively discussing, and holding hearings on, the policy implications of AI across various sectors. In December 2024, the Special Permanent Committee of the Regions hosted a hearing focused on the role of AI in driving regional development. The following month, in January 2025, the Special Permanent Committee on Research and Technology held a debate exploring both the opportunities and risks of AI. These sessions brought together government officials, academic experts, industry leaders and media representatives to share diverse perspectives on the future of AI technologies.
Guatemala
Several AI-related bills are currently under consideration.
Bill No. 6514 incorporates AI within a broader digital governance framework, explicitly identifying it as one of the “emerging technologies” and subjecting it to principles of ethics, transparency and accountability.
Bill No. 6465 establishes a governance system for the protection of critical national infrastructure and includes the creation of a Directorate of Artificial Intelligence. This reflects an approach that institutionalizes AI as a strategic capability within the national security framework, rather than regulating it as a cross-sector market technology.
In addition, the Parliamentary Forum on Digital Transformation operates as a multi-stakeholder platform for developing legislative proposals in the digital domain. Through this forum, experts and key actors collaborate on technical–legal draft initiatives and engage in forward-looking discussions on the potential impact of digital technologies, including AI, on national development.
India
In July 2024, the National Artificial Intelligence Technology Regulatory Authority Bill was introduced in the Council of States. The bill aims to establish a National Artificial Intelligence Technology Regulatory Authority to regulate and monitor the use of AI and related technologies. In February 2025, the Artificial Intelligence (Protection of Rights of Employees) Bill was introduced to safeguard employees’ rights in the context of AI adoption and implementation in the workplace. The bill seeks to regulate the use of AI technologies in professional environments while ensuring transparency throughout the integration process. In the same month, the Deepfake Prevention and Criminalisation Bill was introduced. It aims to prevent and criminalize the creation, dissemination and use of deepfake content without consent or without a digital watermark.
In January 2025, the Communications and Information Technology Committee of the House of the People conducted a thematic review on the impact of the emergence of AI and related issues. This review covered topics such as the regulation of fake content and measures to ensure the reliability of AI models. In its December 2024 report reviewing demands for grants, the Committee recommended that the government collaborate with state governments, universities and research institutes to identify best practices for AI development and establish strategies for advancing AI. The report also called for increased investment in AI research and development, the implementation of programmes to attract top talent, and the submission of plans for establishing research and innovation institutions.
In August 2025, the Standing Committee on Home Affairs submitted a report examining the implications of cybercrime and exploring measures for its prevention. The report highlighted the growing problem of deepfakes and AI-generated misleading content, and emphasized the need to establish a dedicated regulatory framework for AI content. It also stressed the necessity of mandating watermarking for all digital content.
Ireland (see the Note on the European Union (EU) AI Act)
The Joint Committee on Artificial Intelligence was established in May 2025 with the purpose of reviewing the country’s approach to the development, deployment and regulation of AI, as well as to associated ethical considerations, and of making recommendations accordingly. Since its inception, the Committee has been holding public hearings and other sessions, involving business leaders, experts and the Minister of State for Trade Promotion, Artificial Intelligence and Digital Transformation in an open and transparent manner.
In December 2025, the Committee published its first interim report. The report emphasized the need for a coordinated, whole-of-government AI strategy and identified key priorities, including the introduction of mandatory algorithmic impact assessments for high-risk AI systems, enhanced resources for human rights protection bodies and a more inclusive approach through AI literacy education.
In March 2025, the Protection of Voice and Image Bill 2025 was introduced. This bill provides for penalties for the unauthorized manipulation and distribution of another person’s name, photo, voice or video, especially for advertising or political purposes. Additionally, the Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Bill is expected to be introduced later this year to facilitate the domestic implementation of the EU AI Act, empowering designated national authorities to enforce and coordinate its application.
In January 2026, a bill was introduced to amend the Harassment, Harmful Communications and Related Offences Act 2020. The bill seeks to prohibit the creation of non-consensual intimate or harmful imagery and to extend the time limit within which summary proceedings for such offences may be initiated.
Israel
In July 2023, the Science and Technology Committee of the Parliament of Israel established the Subcommittee on Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Technologies to address critical issues in this field. The subcommittee has since explored various topics, including the impact of AI on the labour market and the need for strategic investments to enhance global competitiveness. In January 2025, it further discussed the urgency of developing a national AI strategy and responding to the export restrictions on advanced computer chips imposed by the United States of America. The discussions emphasized the fact that AI was not merely a technological revolution but a vital component of national economic growth and security.
In February 2025, the subcommittee held discussions on the impact of AI on the labour market. Various think tanks, government departments and central bank representatives presented forecasts on labour-market changes driven by AI. It was emphasized that, while AI was enhancing and complementing various professions, it would inevitably replace certain workers and personnel.
In addition, in April 2024, the Parliament’s Research and Information Center submitted a report to the subcommittee on national strategies for AI. The report examined AI strategies and programmes implemented by Israel and other leading countries, offering key insights and recommendations for shaping the country’s AI policies.
Italy (see the Note on the European Union (EU) AI Act)
In March 2025, the Senate passed the Provisions on and Delegated Powers to the Government on Artificial Intelligence Bill. This legislation defines the areas to be delegated to the government and establishes a regulatory framework for AI, providing the legal foundation for the government to develop and implement AI-related policies and systems. It also specifies concrete measures for implementing the EU AI Act. After undergoing some amendments, the bill was approved by the Chamber of Deputies in September 2025.
Several AI-related bills are also under discussion in the Chamber of Deputies: Chamber Act 1832 proposes the introduction of basic AI concepts into the secondary education curriculum, Chamber Act 1783 focuses on ensuring the traceability of content generated or modified by AI systems, and Chamber Act 1751 seeks to establish a parliamentary committee to study, monitor and oversee the impact of AI proliferation on the economy, society, labour, and the opportunities and rights of citizens.
In February 2025, the Senate hosted a discussion on the societal impact of AI. The discussion focused on the need for responsible and transparent AI, covering key topics such as the role of data in AI industry development, the ethics of algorithms and environmental concerns related to AI.
Jamaica
In February 2026, the House of Representatives passed legislation to strengthen the country’s cybercrime framework. The law introduces a new criminal offence of publishing intimate images without consent, and explicitly provides that minors are deemed incapable of giving such consent. During the legislative process, concerns were raised about the absence of explicit references to AI or deepfakes. However, the discussions ultimately converged on a technology-neutral approach, allowing the law to address AI-generated deepfake content regardless of the specific means used. The bill is currently under consideration in the Senate.
Japan
In Japan, the government has so far encouraged AI companies to follow non-binding guidelines to avoid hindering technological innovation and foreign capital investment. However, as the risks of AI misuse have grown and regulatory discussions have intensified worldwide, the government proposed a bill to establish a legal framework that balances innovation and safety. This bill was submitted to parliament in February 2025, passed both chambers by the end of May, and came into effect in early June.[YY1]
The law designates AI as a key national technology, establishes a national AI strategy, and empowers the government to investigate AI misuse, disclose company names and recommend corrective actions. It also creates a new AI Strategy Headquarters, under the Prime Minister’s Office, which is tasked with leading national AI policy and can request cooperation from relevant stakeholders.
Reports on AI utilization and challenges in various policy sectors have been continuously produced. In its September 2024 report on emerging technologies, the research office of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence highlighted the need for international regulatory discussions on AI weapons. The research office of the Committee on Education, Culture and Science also submitted a report on copyright issues arising from generative AI, while the Special Investigation Office provided a report on the impact of AI on citizens’ lives.
Kazakhstan
A comprehensive law governing the broader field of AI technology was passed by both chambers in October 2025. The law establishes the legal and organizational foundations for the development and use of AI technologies, sets requirements for AI system transparency and safety, and clarifies the government’s authority to formulate relevant policies. These measures together form an integrated AI governance framework.
A separate bill proposing AI-related amendments and additions to existing laws is also under consideration. For instance, amendments to the Law on Protection of Consumers’ Rights would introduce mandatory requirements for sellers to inform consumers when a product or service includes AI technology.
Kenya
In June 2025, the National Assembly adopted a motion calling for the formulation of a regulatory framework on AI. The motion highlighted potential risks arising from the rapid expansion of AI, including misinformation, privacy breaches and algorithmic discrimination, and urged the government to establish a regulatory framework and ethical guidelines to prevent the misuse of AI. It also called for the development of public awareness programmes to enhance public understanding and promote the responsible use of AI.
In February 2026, the Senate began deliberations on the Artificial Intelligence Bill. The bill establishes a comprehensive AI governance framework, including a dedicated regulatory authority, a risk-based classification of AI systems, transparency obligations, and safeguards for ethics and human rights.
Latvia
(see the Note on the European Union (EU) AI Act)
In May 2024, the Saeima adopted an amendment to the Criminal Code to prohibit the use of deepfake technology for the purpose of influencing elections. In October of the same year, a revision to the Pre-election Campaign Law introduced a requirement to clearly disclose when content has been generated using AI. In March 2026, a further amendment to the Criminal Code was adopted to prohibit the distribution of non-consensual intimate images and videos of others, including materials generated using AI.
The Artificial Intelligence Centre Law, which was adopted in March 2025, provides for the establishment of the National Artificial Intelligence Centre as a public foundation, with the aim of strengthening national competitiveness. It also seeks to expand the use of AI technologies, establish an institutional framework, promote cooperation among the public and private sectors and academia, and ensure the responsible and safe use of AI.
Lithuania
(see the Note on the European Union (EU) AI Act)
The Parliament of Lithuania discussed draft laws related to the development of AI during its autumn 2024 session. In November 2024, the Ministry of Economy and Innovation submitted amendments to parliament aimed at accelerating the development of AI in Lithuania and the implementation of the EU AI Act. These amendments aim to create a more favourable legal environment for the development and deployment of AI technologies across various fields. Before this, in May 2024, parliament adopted a resolution on the use of AI technologies in the public sector. The resolution emphasizes the importance of using AI responsibly and highlights the need to protect human rights, freedoms, and the country’s economic and national-security interests.
In January 2025, parliament approved a proposal by the Ministry of Economy and Innovation to accelerate the development of AI in Lithuania, which became one of the first countries in the EU to launch a pilot regulatory environment for AI, the so-called “AI sandbox”. The provisions adopted by parliament are enshrined in the Law on Technology and Innovation and the Law on Information Society Services.
Malaysia
In December 2024, the Online Safety Act was enacted. The Act regulates harmful online content, including disinformation, defamation, fraud and threats to public order, and provides a legal basis for tackling AI-manipulated content such as deepfakes.
In November 2025, the Parliament of Malaysia, together with the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, the IPU and the United Nations Development Programme, co-hosted an AI conference. The event facilitated discussions among parliamentarians and experts on AI governance and ethics, and concluded with the adoption of the Kuala Lumpur Declaration: Parliaments and responsible AI.
In July 2025, during a parliamentary session, MPs raised concerns about disinformation and deepfakes and discussed mandating the labelling of AI-generated content. During the August session, further questions were raised about the ethical development of AI, including issues of privacy rights and digital security.
Malta
In July 2025, the House of Representatives approved a motion to establish the Standing Committee on Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence Affairs. The Committee is responsible for examining the impact of the latest developments in the digital field, including AI technologies, on various sectors of society. It reviews reports and policy discussions from the European Union and international organizations and hears the views of stakeholders in the field.
In January and February 2026, it held hearings with government and academic representatives on issues such as digital education, capacity-building in technological skills, and AI-related education policies
Mexico
Ordinary Commission for Analysis, Monitoring and Evaluation on the Application and Development of Artificial Intelligence in Mexico, which began its activities in October 2024, was established to assess the state of AI utilization and development in the country and to propose institutional and policy improvements. In December 2024, the Commission held a dialogue on the impact of AI on ethics, human rights and public policy. In February 2025, it organized four online workshops on AI regulation. In March 2025, the Commission hosted a discussion on the impact of AI on education and employment.The
In December 2024, a draft bill for the establishment of a national law regulating AI usage was introduced in parliament. This bill incorporates global regulatory standards and outlines measures for advancing AI utilization and regulation across various sectors, including online advertising, web searches, automatic translations and cybersecurity, as well as for combating misinformation. In February 2025, a resolution was submitted urging the legislative bodies of the 32 federal states of Mexico to amend their local laws to properly classify AI-facilitated sexual offences. These proposals are currently under review by the relevant committees.
Mongolia
A parliamentary group on AI and big data was established in August 2024. The group’s objective is to support the development of legal and regulatory frameworks for emerging technologies and to enhance the efficiency of government operations through AI and data-driven solutions. As part of the group’s outreach work, members held discussions with teachers and students to explore how AI could be applied to make public administration smarter and to address key social challenges.
In January 2025, the Standing Committee on Innovation and Electronic Policy held a public hearing. During the session, the Minister of Digital Development, Innovation and Communications delivered a presentation on the application of AI in public-service delivery.
Morocco
The House of Representatives is reviewing a draft law to regulate AI, which aims to establish a legal framework for ethical and safe AI use. It includes strict rules for high-risk applications, akin to those laid down in the EU AI Act. Meanwhile, the Finance, Planning and Economic Development Committee of the House of Councillors is discussing a bill to create a National Agency for AI, focused on developing expertise, formulating a national strategy, and addressing issues such as misinformation and security threats.
Within the House of Representatives, a working group of MPs dedicated to AI is actively engaged in work on this subject. Multiple workshops and meetings have been held in 2025 on topics such as the AI regulatory framework, the social impact of AI, and international cooperation and the sharing of best practice. In its May 2025 report, the group highlighted the benefits of AI, while stressing the need for a legal and ethical framework to govern its use. The report also noted that AI could enhance the analysis and communication of public opinion, potentially reshaping how parliament responds to societal needs. It is expected to inform future AI-related legislation.
In May 2025, the House of Representatives, in partnership with the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean, hosted the 3rd Marrakech Parliamentary Economic Forum for the Euro-Mediterranean and Gulf regions. Bringing together participants from over 30 countries, the forum focused on AI governance and strategies to enhance parliamentary oversight. One of the key recommendations was to support the development of an international AI treaty. A follow-up meeting on this topic is also planned.
Netherlands
The Digital Affairs Committee of the House of Representatives has identified digital strategic autonomy as one of the key topics on its knowledge agenda, focusing on measures to build a strong AI ecosystem and examining how the government safeguards AI autonomy. To support this effort, a group of experts prepared fact sheets outlining indicators and essential elements for achieving AI autonomy, and the Committee has formally requested the Cabinet to review these materials and provide responses.
Building on this groundwork, the Committee has also undertaken various initiatives to strengthen parliamentary oversight of, and control over, AI-related issues. In October 2024, it organized a public hearing on topics including AI oversight bodies, collaboration mechanisms, risk management and regulatory interpretation, and the enhancement of parliamentary control. In January 2025, the Committee held a debate on the use of algorithms and data ethics within government.
In parallel, the House of Representatives has been actively discussing and adopting motions related to AI policy. In February 2025, a motion was passed requesting a report on the progress of ministry-level registration of high-risk AI and influential algorithms. In March 2025, another motion was adopted urging the government to explore ways to run AI locally on its own systems to prevent sensitive data from being sent to external servers.
Similar discussions are taking place in the Senate, particularly within the Committee for Digitalization, which was established in early 2024. A working group has been formed to examine the impact of AI in various fields, and a series of round tables have been held on topics such as AI and human rights, AI and healthcare, AI and the labour market, and AI and education. In March 2025, the Committee received a technical briefing from the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations on various government AI initiatives and the use of algorithms in public administration. In April 2025, the Committee prepared plans for a dialogue session involving the legislature, the executive branch, the judiciary and regulatory bodies.
New Zealand
The Deepfake Digital Harm and Exploitation Bill was introduced in May 2025. The bill amends the Crimes Act 1961 and the Harmful Digital Communications Act 2015 to regulate images that are created, synthesized, or altered without consent.
Additionally, the New Zealand - North America Friendship Group held a discussion with a United States expert on AI in September 2024, at the suggestion of the United States Embassy. The discussion covered various topics including AI and democracy, youth engagement, and the misuse of AI.
Nigeria
In December 2024, the House of Representatives proceeded with the second reading of a consolidated bill that combines four legislative proposals aimed at laying the foundation for a legal framework on AI. The bill seeks to establish the National Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Robotic Studies Sciences Regulation Commission to ensure proper control over the use of AI technology and to regulate the development, deployment and use of AI in Nigeria. The bill is still pending review by the House committees and further scrutiny by the Senate. In February 2025, the Artificial Intelligence Management and Finance Institute (Establishment) Bill was introduced. This bill establishes the legal basis for an institution promoting AI in management and finance.
In late 2025, the House of Representatives passed the Child Online Access Protection Bill, marking a significant legislative effort to protect children from cyberbullying, online grooming and harmful content – risks that can be amplified and rapidly disseminated by AI-driven algorithms. The bill is currently awaiting consideration in the Senate.
Norway
After reviewing the report submitted by the Office of the Auditor General in November 2024, the Parliament prepared and unanimously adopted a set of recommendations. These recommendations expressed support for the Auditor General’s calls for the government to establish a foundation for responsible AI use, to clarify regulations and to promote a unified understanding of ethical principles.
Ahead of the 2025 Norwegian general election, there was growing concern within the Parliament about the potential impact of generative AI and deepfakes on the electoral process. In November 2024, leaders of all political parties jointly signed a self-regulatory pledge committing to safeguard the integrity of the election process by refraining from using deepfakes or AI-driven disinformation.
On 5 December 2024, Teknogruppa, a cross-party technology forum within the Parliament, held a seminar on AI in elections. Numerous MPs and external experts attended the event, where they examined cases of AI’s impact on elections around the world and discussed the implications for the Norwegian general election.
Panama
Several AI-related bills are under review. In July 2025, a bill was introduced to protect citizens against AI-based violations of their rights, with measures and principles including digital rights, transparency, non-discrimination and data protection. That same month, another bill sought to regulate AI development and use, emphasizing human dignity, fundamental rights and strict oversight of high-risk systems. A third bill, introduced in August, aimed to establish a national legal framework for the promotion and development of AI.
In March 2025, the Parliamentary Research Office and the Legal Advisory Department jointly organized a seminar on the risks and benefits of AI. The discussion covered issues such as copyright and personal data protection in the AI era, and participants shared views on future legislative approaches.
In October 2025, the National Assembly hosted an international conference on the opportunities and challenges of using AI in parliamentary settings. The event, which was co-organized with the Latin American and Caribbean Parliament (PARLATINO), the European Union (EU) and the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), focused on the use of AI in legislative processes and the ethical considerations involved.
Paraguay
In April 2025, the Bill to Promote the Use of AI for Economic and Social Development was submitted to the Chamber of Deputies. The bill declares AI as a key element in national development and includes provisions for expanding digital infrastructure, ensuring technological sovereignty, promoting education and talent development, and establishing ethical principles. It is set to undergo discussions in multiple committees, including those working on economic and financial matters, human rights, and on science and technology.
In May 2025, the Bill to Regulate and Promote the Creation, Development, Innovation, and Implementation of AI Systems was introduced in the Senate. While it addresses similar themes as the bill submitted to the Chamber of Deputies, it places greater emphasis on the classification and control of high-risk AI systems, incorporating regulatory measures for risk assessment, algorithm monitoring, and privacy protection. The Permanent Advisory Commission on Science, Technology, Innovation and the Future will primarily oversee its review.
Peru
In July 2023, the Congress of the Republic enacted a law to promote AI-driven economic and social development. This law outlines the key principles regarding the use and development of AI and designates the departments within government agencies that are responsible for AI and emerging technology development.
Since then, several AI-related bills have been proposed and are currently under review. Notably, Bill no. 07033, modelled on the EU AI Act, emphasizes privacy and data protection, Bill no. 08223 establishes regulations for the ethical, safe and responsible use of AI, and Bill no. 08969 focuses on promoting AI adoption within the financial sector. Bill no. 10279, submitted in February 2025, proposes an amendment to the University Law to modernize the curriculum through the incorporation of AI and emerging technologies.
Philippines
As of 2025, nine AI-related bills have been introduced in the House of Representatives. Six of these are comprehensive in scope, aiming to establish a regulatory framework for the reliable and secure development, research, application and use of AI systems. The remaining three bills focus on more specific areas, such as the use of AI in the public sector and in the education system.
For example, Bill no. 10944 seeks to establish a regulatory framework for secure AI systems and create the Philippine Artificial Intelligence Board. Bill no. 11262 proposes the creation of the Artificial Intelligence Development Authority to lead a national AI strategy and to oversee ethical AI use. Bill no. 11308 focuses on protecting workers affected by AI and technological advancements in the digital economy through retraining and reskilling programmes. The Committee on Information and Communications Technology decided to refer these bills to a technical working group for consolidation into a single measure. The group held its first meeting in January 2025 and has since been working on drafting a consolidated bill.
In the Senate, Bill no. 2930, which proposes an AI training programme for the government workforce, was introduced in January 2025. Additionally, a resolution has been filed directing the Senate to investigate the preparedness of the government to address the impact of AI on the labour market and the future of work in the country.
Between February and early June 2025, the House of Representatives held a series of five joint hearings to address the spread of fake news and disinformation. The hearings were conducted by three standing committees. Major media outlets and broadcasters aired the sessions live, with content creators and influencers participating to share their views.
Poland (see the Note on the European Union (EU) AI Act)
In January 2024, the Sejm Committee for Digitalization, Innovation and Modern Technologies established the Standing Subcommittee on Artificial Intelligence and Algorithm Transparency. The subcommittee has engaged in discussions on the ethical aspects of creating, implementing and using AI systems and has examined EU AI Act in relation to the Polish justice system.
In February 2025, the subcommittee held an informational meeting with the Minister of Digital Affairs regarding the status of public consultations on the draft law on AI systems, which is currently in preparation. The proposed legislation seeks to introduce appropriate procedures that ensure AI system safety without hindering technological progress. Following the first round of public consultations, the draft law has been expanded to include provisions such as the introduction of a regulatory sandbox for AI innovation and testing, increased support for AI research and development, and enhanced independence and expertise for supervisory bodies overseeing AI implementation.
Portugal (see the Note on the European Union (EU) AI Act)
In February 2025, resolutions to establish the Portuguese AI Agency (APIA), to develop a national AI strategy, and to urge ratification of the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI and promote participation in international agreements were submitted to the Assembly of the Republic.
In July 2025, MPs submitted an inquiry to the government regarding the “implementation status of the national AI strategy and progress on digital transformation”.
At the Science Café held in the Assembly of the Republic in October 2024, an open discussion on responsible AI took place with the participation of lawmakers, scientists and business leaders. The debate addressed ethical issues around AI, regulatory trends at the EU level and sector-specific impacts, offering insights for policymakers.
Republic of Korea
The National Assembly reviewed 19 bills related to the development of AI, with a focus on enhancing social responsibility and improving trustworthiness. In December 2024, these bills were consolidated and adopted as a single piece of legislation. The new law established the government’s AI development plan, created the National AI Committee, set up the AI Safety Research Institute, and formulated AI ethics principles that encompass safety, trustworthiness and accessibility. The law also includes regulations for high-impact AI and generative AI.
In recent months, there has been a noticeable increase in sector-specific legislative initiatives aimed at both promoting the AI industry and minimizing its adverse effects. In January 2026, a bill was introduced to facilitate the use of AI in the defence sector. In February 2026, another bill was introduced to prevent deepfake-related harms and establish content removal obligations. And in the same month, another bill was introduced to support small and medium-sized enterprises and microbusinesses in their transition to AI adoption.
The National Assembly Research Service (NARS), parliament’s legislative research body, published a report in October 2024 proposing legislation on the labelling of AI-generated content in order to detect deepfakes. In December 2024, NARS released another report analysing the inherent risks of AI and suggesting legislative and policy measures. A further report, released in March 2025, outlined key safeguards that needed to be put in place ahead of the entry into force of the recently enacted AI law in January 2026. It emphasized the importance of enhancing policy coordination and enforcement in AI governance, refining the definition of, and requirements for, high-impact AI, and tailoring obligations based on different types of AI operators.
Additionally, the bipartisan AI Forum continues to conduct research on the development and impact of AI technologies.
Russian Federation
In July 2024, a law introducing mandatory civil liability insurance for pilot projects utilizing AI technologies passed through the legislative process in the Russian Federation. Under this law, companies involved in such programmes must obtain insurance coverage to compensate for potential harm to life and property caused by AI systems. In addition, as of June 2025, the State Duma is discussing a bill that aims to clarify the scope of patent protection for inventions involving AI. The proposed amendment aims to align Russian patent law with the digital environment, explicitly stating that technical solutions based on AI systems – such as those using machine learning and deep learning – can be recognized as patentable inventions.
In January 2025, the Council of the Federation formed a working group on AI regulation under the Committee on Constitutional Legislation. This group is expected to develop a domestic regulatory framework by reviewing international cases, including the EU AI Act and the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI. In April 2025, the State Duma established separate a cross-party AI legislative working group, comprising members from all parliamentary factions, to support legislative efforts in this area. The group is tasked with collecting input from a wide range of stakeholders – including industry, academia and civil society – and identifying priority areas for legislation.
Saudi Arabia
In September 2024, the Shura Council approved the basic regulations necessary for the operation of the International Center for Artificial Intelligence Research and Ethics (ICAIRE). Anchored in the UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence, the centre seeks to develop ethical standards applicable across the international community and to reinforce networks among AI researchers, academic institutions and policymakers worldwide.
The Shura Council has been providing recommendations on AI ethics and applications across various sectors. For example, in its regular session held in the first half of 2025, it emphasized that the Saudi Accreditation Center should promote investment opportunities in the accreditation sector to attract private investment, and develop AI-based technical solutions to improve its operational processes. It also proposed using AI technologies to analyse road data, including risk levels, maintenance needs and optimal timelines for repairs.
South Africa
In February 2026, the Portfolio Committee on Communications and Digital Technologies of the National Assembly received a progress report from the government on the draft national AI policy. During the briefing, emphasis was placed on the need to ensure that both the benefits and risks of AI would be distributed fairly across society. Concerns were also raised about potential job losses due to AI, as well as about the adequacy of existing regulatory frameworks, and gaps in data availability and technical capacity. Based on these parliamentary deliberations, the process is expected to proceed to Cabinet approval and public consultation.
Senegal
The National Assembly has established a cross-party initiative called the Parliamentary Network on Internet Governance and Artificial Intelligence (RPGI-IA) to enhance legislative engagement in the fields of digital governance and AI. The network, which comprises technical specialists and MPs with expertise in digital affairs, focuses on legislative issues related to AI ethics, data governance and cybersecurity, aiming to promote inclusive dialogue with government agencies, civil society, academia and the private sector.
Singapore
There has been no comprehensive legislative discussion in parliament on the use and regulation of AI to date. However, frequent questions regarding AI policies have been put to the government. For instance, in the second half of 2024, MPs raised questions for the government about the outcomes of AI expert development programmes, the need for AI in traffic accident prevention, and the protection of workers' rights in relation to AI.
While a broader legislative framework has yet to be developed, the Parliament has taken targeted steps in specific areas. For instance, in October 2024, it adopted the Elections (Integrity of Online Advertising) (Amendment) Act to protect citizens from deepfakes during election periods. The law came into effect in January 2025.
In November 2024, the Estimates Committee submitted its report on the budget for the 2024–2025 financial year to parliament. This report included the findings of an inquiry into the National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2.0 (NAIS 2.0). It provided recommendations on areas for improvement in the government’s AI workforce development support programmes, as well as suggestions for further enhancing the country’s AI research pipeline.
Spain
(see the Note on the European Union (EU) AI Act)
In June 2025, the Congress of Deputies adopted a non-legislative proposal aimed at promoting the responsible and appropriate use of AI in defence policies. The proposal recognizes the need to expand the use of AI in the defence sector while recommending the establishment of policy guidelines and governance frameworks to address potential risks of misuse.
A draft organic law regulating AI-generated simulations of images and voices is also being debated. It classifies the distribution of AI-generated deepfake images without consent as unlawful and, in particular, strictly prohibits the dissemination of manipulated videos or audio of candidates during election periods.
In September 2024, the Joint Committee on National Security decided to draft a report on threats in cyberspace in the era of AI and quantum computing. In October 2024, a working group was formed to prepare a comprehensive risk report, including a cybersecurity risk assessment and recommendations for improvement. The Senate’s Digital Transformation Committee is reviewing two motions on AI regulation. One of these motions calls for a ban on the misuse of AI in elections, while the second motion calls for measures for the sustainable management of electronic waste from AI and its environmental impact.
Documentary notes are reference materials published by the Library and Documentation Service of the Congress of Deputies to support research and legislative activities on specific topics. A documentary note on AI, published in 2024, analysed key legal, ethical, economic and policy issues related to AI in Spain and within the international community. The Science and Technology Office of the Congress of Deputies supports the legislature in securing scientific evidence on specific topics and making informed decisions based on this evidence. In 2024, it produced a report on AI and education, as well as reports on other emerging issues.
Sri Lanka
In 2024, the Parliament amended the Online Safety Act to include false or manipulated audio, video and text as regulated content. The government is also preparing to submit the foundational Cyber Security Bill to parliament, aiming to protect the nation’s digital systems from AI-driven threats.
During the July 2024 plenary session, MPs discussed the social and security implications of AI during a debate under an adjournment motion.
In March 2025, a workshop, chaired by the President and the Minister of Digital Economy, was convened to brief MPs on the government’s upcoming digital economy programmes. The session also addressed citizen data protection measures, strategies for managing emerging technologies including AI, and concerns regarding the salaries of IT engineers.
Sweden
Numerous AI-related motions and policy proposals have been submitted to the Parliament. For instance, Motion 2024/25:942 emphasizes the need to develop rules, standards, norms and principles to guide the ethical and sustainable use of AI. It also aims to promote nationwide understanding of, and competence in, AI through broad-based investments in education. Meanwhile, Motion 2024/25:768 proposes a study on the impact of AI on human rights and democracy, as well as the conditions under which local governments can adopt and use AI.
Proposition 2024/25:60, a government-submitted bill, outlines the national research and innovation policy framework for the period 2025–2028. It designates AI as a strategic future technology and grants the Swedish Research Council the authority to promote and coordinate AI-related research.
Switzerland
In September 2025, the National Council adopted two AI-related motions. Motion No. 24.4596 calls on the Federal Council to strengthen legal protections to prevent AI-driven copyright infringements, ensuring that AI systems cannot use journalistic or creative works without the explicit consent of the original author. Motion No. 24.4464, meanwhile, calls for a comprehensive national strategy to address the misuse of manipulated images online, with a focus on personal rights, child and youth protection, and the prevention of sexual exploitation.
The cross-party Parldigi parliamentary group plays an important role in AI discussions. By facilitating exchanges between legislators, industry and academic experts, it helps deepen parliamentary understanding of AI and digital policy, thereby contributing to more informed debate and legislation.
During the Federal Assembly’s Open Day event in October 2025, a special exhibition entitled Art and Artificial Intelligence (AI) allowed visitors to experience how AI influenced artistic creation and to understand its broader societal implications.
Thailand
Ad-hoc Committee on Considering and Studying the Control and Promotion of the Use of AI. The Committee has addressed a range of policy recommendations, including the development of a national AI strategy, the strengthening of public-private partnerships and the establishment of specialized regulatory agencies. In March 2025, the Committee organized a workshop on generative AI. The event provided an opportunity to share knowledge on generative AI technologies, as well as to discuss their advantages and disadvantages, and the associated ethical risks. Participants also explored strategies for effectively integrating AI into daily life and organizational operations.In early 2024, the House of Representatives established the
The Senate Committee on Information, Communication and Telecommunications Technology is actively discussing policies to promote investment in data centres and the expansion of AI technologies. In March 2025, the Committee, in collaboration with various public- and private-sector organizations, hosted a seminar on the development of data centres as key infrastructure to support AI adoption. The event focused in particular on supporting the national strategic goal of cultivating a large-scale AI workforce by facilitating knowledge-sharing on data-centre development, identifying key challenges and discussing ways to reduce reliance on foreign technologies.
Tunisia
A bill to comprehensively overhaul the country’s existing data protection law was submitted to the Assembly of People’s Representatives in July 2025. The proposal focuses on strengthening the personal data protection framework through measures such as the creation of an independent data protection authority and the designation of data protection officers in public institutions. In particular, it introduces four new articles regulating the use of AI, emphasizing the principles of transparency, purpose limitation and proportionality in both the public and private sectors.
Several parliamentary committees have been discussing AI-related challenges. In its April 2024 session, the Committee on Administration Organization and Development, Digitalization, Governance and Anti-Corruption reviewed AI-related issues and decided to work with relevant ministries to advance the national AI strategy. In a July 2025 discussion, the Committee on Education, Vocational Training, Scientific Research, Youth and Sports emphasized the need for a stronger focus on students’ critical-thinking skills in the curriculum in order to mitigate the negative impacts of the new media environment, including AI and fake news.
Türkiye
An AI bill inspired by the EU AI Act was submitted to the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye in June 2024. This bill aims to ensure the ethical use of AI, protect personal data, safeguard privacy rights and establish a regulatory framework. It is currently being reviewed by the Industry, Trade, Energy, Natural Resources, Information and Technology Committee.
The Parliamentary Research Commission on AI was established in January 2025. The Commission is expected to examine the impacts of AI on individuals and society, gather insights from experts in relevant institutions and discuss the development of a legal framework. The report currently being prepared by the Commission is anticipated to make a key contribution to shaping the country’s AI economy and guiding its policy direction.
United Arab Emirates
In December 2024, the Federal National Council adopted a set of recommendations related to AI policy. The recommendations include revisions to data governance and personal data protection laws, the establishment of a unified open data platform between the public and private sectors, support for AI startups, the development of AI-based performance indicators for public services, and the expansion of public-private partnerships for AI research and development.
During the session, the Minister of State for Artificial Intelligence presented key achievements and future plans under the National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2031, and announced the launch of a dedicated fund aimed at developing local talent in the AI sector.
United Kingdom
During the 2023–2024 session, a private members’ bill on AI was introduced in the House of Lords. The bill aims to establish a systematic regulatory framework to strengthen the safety, transparency and accountability of AI, while also protecting public safety and national security, and promoting innovation and economic growth. Additionally, it includes provisions for regulatory sandboxes and the establishment of an independent AI Authority. This bill was automatically discarded when parliament was dissolved ahead of the general election. It was reintroduced in March 2025 and is currently under review.
Since February 2025, the Treasury Committee of the House of Commons has been conducting an inquiry into how the UK financial services industry can leverage AI to its full potential while mitigating risks to financial stability and protecting consumers. As part of this inquiry, the Committee issued a call for evidence to examine the impact of AI on the financial sector, potential risks to financial stability, and the benefits and challenges for consumers. The call remained open until 11 April 2025.
In March 2025, the Public Accounts Committee of the House of Commons published a report on the use of AI in government. The report pointed out that the government’s plan to enhance efficiency by embedding AI in all areas of work could face setbacks owing to budget constraints and a shortage of skilled professionals. It also urged the government to present a clear procurement strategy that would ensure access for smaller suppliers and prevent vendor lock-in, as well as to develop a concrete funding plan within six months to replace critical legacy systems.
In January 2026, a debate on non-consensual sexual deepfakes was held in the House of Commons. Cases involving AI-based social media tools that generate and disseminate such content were raised as a concern, and MPs discussed strengthening platform accountability and calling for swift action by regulators, including the Office of Communications (Ofcom).
Several parliamentary bodies, including the House of Lords Library and the Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST), have published reports on AI. In its October 2024 report, POST examined the opportunities, risks and uncertainties associated with AI. The report stressed that parliament must address key questions, including which regulatory framework to adopt, whether a government certification system was necessary, and how to balance regulation with freedom of expression.
The Artificial Intelligence All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) is actively studying the responsible use and broader impact of AI technologies. In addition, in November 2025, the APPG on Children’s Online Safety launched an inquiry into AI-related harms in online spaces affecting children. The inquiry aims to examine the adequacy of existing regulation, including the Online Safety Act, and the potential role of AI in strengthening safeguarding.
United States of America
Several AI-related bills have been introduced in Congress in recent years, including the National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of 2020, and numerous bills aimed at regulating and promoting AI are still under discussion. Between July and September 2024, the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology reviewed legislation relating to the regulation and promotion of AI, including the AI Incident Reporting and Security Enhancement Act, the AI Advancement and Reliability Act, the NSF AI Education Act and the Expanding AI Voices Act. In September 2024, the Committee passed nine AI-focused bills. These bills have not yet been called for discussion and a vote in the full House of Representatives.
In May 2025, a budget reconciliation bill was introduced in the House. The bill included a provision for a 10-year moratorium on the enforcement of state and local laws regulating AI developers and service providers, as well a provision for the allocation of additional funding to modernize federal IT infrastructure using AI. Concerns were raised during the Senate review that such a moratorium on state-level regulation of AI could create regulatory blind spots. As a result, the provision was removed when the Senate passed the final version of the bill in early July.
Meanwhile, the “Take it Down Act” legislative process was completed by April 2025 and was signed into law by the President in May. The law addresses non-consensual intimate imagery and AI-generated deepfakes, requiring social media platforms to remove explicit content and imposing criminal penalties for violations.
In May 2024, the Bipartisan Senate AI Working Group released a report highlighting key areas for action and calling for a significant increase in government funding for AI research. In December 2024, the House’s Bipartisan Artificial Intelligence Task Force published its own report containing guidelines, forward-looking recommendations and policy proposals. Additionally, in its 2024 Annual Report to Congress, the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission (USCC), urged Congress to fund a “Manhattan Project-like” programme for the development of artificial general intelligence (AGI).
In the absence of comprehensive federal legislation, the United States of America has pursued AI policy through executive orders. In October 2023, the Biden administration issued an executive order to establish safeguards for fairness and transparency in AI systems. In January 2025, the Trump administration rescinded the previous administration’s executive order on AI. The new administration is expected to announce a new policy framework soon, with a view to strengthening the country’s leadership in AI. Meanwhile, individual states have been developing their own AI regulations and guidelines. According to the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), as of September 2024, at least 31 states had passed resolutions or enacted state laws related to AI.
In addition, in August 2025, a bill was introduced in the House relating to preventing ideologically biased AI in the Federal Government. The bill requires the issuance of guidance ensuring that the Government procures only large language models (LLMs) developed in accordance with the principles of truth-seeking and ideological neutrality.
Uruguay
The House of Representatives is reviewing a bill aimed at regulating the use of deepfakes, and in particular the dissemination of false information using AI-generated images or voices of candidates during election periods. The bill includes exceptions for content that qualifies as parody or satire, which would not be considered a criminal offence.
In addition, a bill that criminalizes and regulates the distribution of AI-generated non-consensual sexual images and deepfake content was passed by the lower house in December 2025. Subsequently, in April 2026, the Senate Commission on Human Rights and Gender Equality unanimously approved the bill, which is currently awaiting a vote in the plenary.
In February 2025, the joint Special Committee on the Future released a report on the future of work in a knowledge-intensive society. The report highlights the impact of four major technological revolutions – AI, quantum computing, nanotechnology and biotechnology – on work and on society at large. It emphasizes the need for parliament to strengthen strategic decision-making and respond to technological changes through anticipatory governance.
In March 2026, parliament convened a high-level meeting with major global technology companies and United States government officials to discuss the responsible development and use of AI. The meeting aimed to strike a balance between technological innovation and regulation and was part of efforts by Uruguay to advance its agenda on responsible technological transformation, with discussions covering data protection, transparency, the strengthening of AI governance, the establishment of ethical standards and the expansion of public–private partnerships.
Uzbekistan
In April 2025, the Legislative Chamber’s Committee on Innovative Development and Information Technology hosted a round-table discussion on current issues related to the legal regulation of AI use. The event was attended by members of the Legislative Chamber, experts, and representatives from government ministries and other agencies. The discussion addressed AI technology development, personal data protection, the obligation to label AI-generated content, and the protection of human rights. The necessity of the AI bill under consideration in the Legislative Chamber, as well as the key provisions of the bill, were also reviewed.
In August 2025, the Legislative Chamber adopted the bill after its third reading. The bill defines AI, sets out the State’s policy directions and regulates legal relations arising from the use of AI, including the prohibition of unlawful processing of personal data and the obligation to label AI-generated content. The bill has been submitted to the Senate for review.
Viet Nam
In June 2025, the National Assembly passed the Law on Digital Technology Industry, a comprehensive framework governing the digital sector. The Law provides incentives for research and investment in AI and semiconductors, while encouraging both the public and private sectors to nurture AI talent and explore emerging technologies. As part of its AI governance principles, the Law establishes risk controls across the entire life cycle of AI systems and introduces provisions to strengthen education on AI and digital technology within the national education system.
In December 2025, the National Assembly adopted the Law on Artificial Intelligence, which directly regulates AI systems. The Law emphasizes human-centred AI, prohibits the unlawful collection, processing and use of data, and establishes obligations to ensure data confidentiality and security. It also enhances user protection through transparency requirements, including notification of AI use and labelling of AI-generated content. Drawing on international practices, the Law focuses on ensuring the safety and ethical governance of AI systems.
In December 2024, the National Assembly organized a training seminar for MPs on AI and the development of related policies and legislation. The event brought together domestic and international experts who shared insights into the state of AI technologies and legislative challenges, while also discussing ethical and social issues that should be considered in future policymaking.
